Volume 9, Issue 2 (Vol.9 No.2 Jul 2020)                   rbmb.net 2020, 9(2): 241-249 | Back to browse issues page


XML Print


Department of Biochemistry, A. J. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Mangaluru 575004, Karnataka, India
Abstract:   (3689 Views)
Background: The objective of this study was to determine the levels of serum ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), fibrinogen (FIB) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with hypertension (HT) (DMT2HTN) and without HT (DMT2). Also, their association with certain biochemical and physical factors were studied to identify possible risk factors that lead to cardiovascular complications.

Methods: Fasting blood samples were collected from 35 DMT2 or DMT2HTN patients each to analyze differences in serum and plasma levels of IMA, hs-CRP, FIB, total cholesterol (TC), high and low density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL), triglyceride (TG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), glycated hemoglobin and creatinine.

Results: In DMT2 and DMT2HTN patients, IMA, hs-CRP, FIB, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, glycated hemoglobin and creatinine levels, including body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), were significantly higher relative to healthy controls. In addition, the levels of IMA, hs-CRP and FIB levels showed a strong link to BMI, WHR, TC, TG, LDL and glycated hemoglobin. Lastly, both DMT2 and DMT2HTN patients demonstrated a significant reduction in HDL.

Conclusions: DMT2 and DMT2HTN patients have a greater risk of developing cardiovascular related complications. This study suggests that quantifying hs-CRP, IMA and FIB levels can help diagnose the risk of developing complications during the early stages of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Overall, the specific risk factors may be used for early identification of cardiovascular complications to decrease mortality and morbidity in T2DM patients.
Full-Text [PDF 537 kb]   (1361 Downloads)    
Type of Article: Original Article | Subject: Biochemistry
Received: 2020/04/26 | Accepted: 2020/05/20 | Published: 2020/10/7

References
1. Unnikrishnan R, Pradeepa R, Joshi SR, Mohan V. Type 2 Diabetes: Demystifying the Global Epidemic. Diabetes. 2017;66(6):1432-1442. [DOI:10.2337/db16-0766] [PMID]
2. Basu S, Yudkin JS, Kehlenbrink S, Davies JI, Wild SH, Lipska KJ, et al. Estimation of global insulin use for type 2 diabetes, 2018-30: a microsimulation analysis. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology. 2019;7(1):25-33. [DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30303-6]
3. Wu Y, Ding Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W. Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention. International journal of medical sciences. 2014;11(11):1185-1200. [DOI:10.7150/ijms.10001] [PMID] [PMCID]
4. Ohishi M. Hypertension with diabetes mellitus: physiology and pathology. Hypertension research. 2018;41(6):389-393. [DOI:10.1038/s41440-018-0034-4] [PMID]
5. Khangura DS, Waqar Salam M, Brietzke SA, Sowers JR. Hypertension in Diabetes. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, et al., editors. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA)2000.
6. Kaefer M, Piva SJ, De Carvalho JA, Da Silva DB, Becker AM, Coelho AC, et al. Association between ischemia modified albumin, inflammation and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical biochemistry. 2010;43(4-5):450-4. [DOI:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.11.018] [PMID]
7. Shah S, Kalal BS. Oxidative stress in cervical cancer and its response to chemoradiation. Turkish journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2019;16(2):124-8. [DOI:10.4274/tjod.galenos.2019.19577] [PMID] [PMCID]
8. Bar-Or D, Lau E, Winkler JV. A novel assay for cobalt-albumin binding and its potential as a marker for myocardial ischemia-a preliminary report. J Emerg Med. 2000;19(4):311-5. [DOI:10.1016/S0736-4679(00)00255-9]
9. Vaishya R, Arora S, Singh B, Mallika V. Modification of Jaffe's kinetic method decreases bilirubin interference: A preliminary report. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2010;25(1):64-66. [DOI:10.1007/s12291-010-0013-2] [PMID] [PMCID]
10. de Boer IH, Bangalore S, Benetos A, Davis AM, Michos ED, Muntner P, et al. Diabetes and Hypertension: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care. 2017;40(9):1273-1284. [DOI:10.2337/dci17-0026] [PMID]
11. Lima LM, Carvalho M, Soares AL, Sabino Ade P, Fernandes AP, Novelli BA, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or high blood pressure. Arquivos brasileiros de endocrinologia & metabologia. 2007;51(6):956-60. [DOI:10.1590/S0004-27302007000600010] [PMID]
12. Ebong IA, Schreiner P, Lewis CE, Appiah D, Ghelani A, Wellons M. The association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and hypertension in women of the CARDIA study. Menopause. 2016;23(6):662-668. [DOI:10.1097/GME.0000000000000609] [PMID] [PMCID]
13. Tutuncu Y, Satman I, Celik S, Dinccag N, Karsidag K, Telci A, et al. A Comparison of hs-CRP Levels in New Diabetes Groups Diagnosed Based on FPG, 2-hPG, or HbA1c Criteria. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:5827041. [DOI:10.1155/2016/5827041] [PMID] [PMCID]
14. Nagaraj S, Kalal BS, Manoharan A, Shet A. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype prevalence and antibiotic resistance among young children with invasive pneumococcal disease: experience from a tertiary care center in South India. Germs. 2017;7(2):78-85. [DOI:10.18683/germs.2017.1112] [PMID] [PMCID]
15. Nishana E, Bhat SS, Sahana KS, Hegde SK, Bhat V, Kalal BS. Estimation of Salivary sCD14 in Children with Early Childhood Caries in Association with Pneumonia. Rep Biochem Mol Biol. 2019;8(2):132-138.
16. Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ. Role of C-Reactive Protein at Sites of Inflammation and Infection. Front Immunol. 2018;9:754. [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754] [PMID] [PMCID]
17. Oh J, Teoh H, Leiter LA. Should C-reactive protein be a target of therapy? Diabetes care. 2011;34(Suppl 2):S155-S160. [DOI:10.2337/dc11-s211] [PMID] [PMCID]
18. Piwowar A, Knapik-Kordecka M, Warwas M. Ischemia-modified albumin level in type 2 diabetes mellitus- Preliminary report. Disease markers. 2008;24(6):311-317. [DOI:10.1155/2008/784313] [PMID] [PMCID]
19. Ma SG, Wei CL, Hong B, Yu WN. Ischemia-modified albumin in type 2 diabetic patients with and without peripheral arterial disease. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(10):1677-1680.
20. Ukinc K, Eminagaoglu S, Ersoz HO, Erem C, Karahan C, Hacihasanoglu AB, et al. A novel indicator of widespread endothelial damage and ischemia in diabetic patients: ischemia-modified albumin. Endocrine. 2009;36(3):425-32. [DOI:10.1007/s12020-009-9236-5] [PMID]
21. Rodrigo R, Libuy M, Feliu F, Hasson D. Oxidative stress-related biomarkers in essential hypertension and ischemia-reperfusion myocardial damage. Dis markers. 2013;35(6):773-790. [DOI:10.1155/2013/974358] [PMID] [PMCID]
22. Jia ZT, Liu CY, Li H. Changes of the concentration of serum ischemia modified albumin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein in type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy. Zhonghua yan ke za zhi. 2009;45(9):805-8.
23. Ganda OP, Arkin CF. Hyperfibrinogenemia. An important risk factor for vascular complications in diabetes. Diabetes care. 1992;15(10):1245-50. [DOI:10.2337/diacare.15.10.1245] [PMID]
24. Bembde AS. A study of plasma fibrinogen level in type-2 diabetes mellitus and its relation to glycemic control. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2012;28(2):105-108. [DOI:10.1007/s12288-011-0116-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
25. Suryawanshi NP, Bhutey AK, Nagdeote AN, Jadhav AA, Manoorkar GS. Study of lipid peroxide and lipid profile in diabetes mellitus. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2006;21(1):126-130. [DOI:10.1007/BF02913080] [PMID] [PMCID]
26. Abdel-Aal NM, Ahmad AT, Froelicher ES, Batieha AM, Hamza MM, Ajlouni KM. Prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes in Jordan. Saudi Med J. 2008;29(10):1423-8.
27. Shetty JK, Prakash M, Ibrahim MS. Relationship between free iron and glycated hemoglobin in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes patients associated with complications. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2008;23(1):67-70. [DOI:10.1007/s12291-008-0016-4] [PMID] [PMCID]
28. Radzeviciene L, Ostrauskas R. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio and risk for type 2 diabetes in women: a case-control study. Public health. 2013;127(3):241-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2012.12.001] [PMID]
29. Sigdel M, Kumar A, Gyawali P, Shrestha R, Tuladhar ET, Jha B. Association of high sensitivity C-reactive protein with the components of metabolic syndrome in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(6):CC11-CC13. [DOI:10.7860/JCDR/2014/8085.4522] [PMID] [PMCID]
30. Peixoto Mdo R, Benicio MH, Latorre Mdo R, Jardim PC. Waist circumference and body mass index as predictors of hypertension. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;87(4):462-70. [DOI:10.1590/S0066-782X2006001700011] [PMID]
31. Nepal G, Tuladhar ET, Acharya K, Bhattarai A, Sharma VK, Raut M, et al. Dyslipidemia and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Young Nepalese University Students. Cureus. 2018;10(1):e2089. [DOI:10.7759/cureus.2089]
32. Dahiya K, Aggarwal K, Seth S, Singh V, Sharma TK. Type 2 diabetes mellitus without vascular complications and ischemia modified albumin. Clin Lab. 2010;56(5-6):187-90.
33. Bruno G, Cavallo-Perin P, Bargero G, Borra M, D'Errico N, Pagano G. Association of fibrinogen with glycemic control and albumin excretion rate in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125(8):653-7. [DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-125-8-199610150-00005] [PMID]
34. Linton MRF, Yancey PG, Davies SS, Jerome WG, Linton EF, Song WL, et al. The Role of Lipids and Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, et al. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000.
35. Shetty R, Rai M, Chandrashekar R, Kalal BS. Diabetogenic effect of gluten in Wistar albino rats: a preliminary preclinical screening. Med Pharm Rep. 2020;93(1):47-52. [DOI:10.15386/mpr-1373] [PMID] [PMCID]
36. Kalal BS, Fathima F, Pai VR, Sanjeev G, Krishna CM, Upadhya D. Inhibition of ERK1/2 or AKT Activity Equally Enhances Radiation Sensitization in B16F10 Cells. World J Oncol. 2018;9(1):21-28. [DOI:10.14740/wjon1088w] [PMID] [PMCID]
37. Matough FA, Budin SB, Hamid ZA, Alwahaibi N, Mohamed J. The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in diabetic complications. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2012;12(1):5-18. [DOI:10.12816/0003082] [PMID] [PMCID]
38. Lastra G, Syed S, Kurukulasuriya LR, Manrique C, Sowers JR. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: an update. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2014;43(1):103-122. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.005] [PMID] [PMCID]

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.