1. Clinical management of COVID-19: Living guideline [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 Jun 23-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582435/.
2. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. [
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7] [
PMID]
3. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239-42. [
DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.2648] [
PMID]
4. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1775-6. [
DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.4683] [
PMID]
5. Organization WH. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. Available at https://www who int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports. 2020.
6. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9. [
DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.1585] [
PMID] [
]
7. Merad M, Martin JC. Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6):355-62. [
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4] [
PMID] [
]
8. Naryzny SN, Legina OK. Haptoglobin as a Biomarker. Biochem Mosc Suppl B Biomed Chem. 2021;15(3):184-198. [
DOI:10.1134/S1990750821030069] [
PMID] [
]
9. Arredouani M, Matthys P, Kasran A, Baumann H, Ceuppen JL. Haptoglobin and the Th1/Th2 balance: hints from in vitro and in vivo studies. Redox Rep. 2001;6(6):369-71. [
DOI:10.1179/135100001101536481] [
PMID]
10. di Masi A, De Simone G, Ciaccio C, D'Orso S, Coletta M, Ascenzi P. Haptoglobin: From hemoglobin scavenging to human health. Mol Aspects Med. 2020;73:100851. [
DOI:10.1016/j.mam.2020.100851] [
PMID]
11. Saeed SA, Ahmad N, Ahmed S. Dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase by human haptoglobin: its polymorphism and relation to hemoglobin binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;353(4):915-20. [
DOI:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.092] [
PMID]
12. Kaminskaia G, Zhukova N, Naumov V. Interrelations between genetically determined haptoglobin types and the course of the postoperative period in chronic forms of pulmonary tuberculosis. Probl Tuberk. 1989;(8):3-7.
13. Fedoseeva SV, Iusopova MM, Chukanova VP, Pospelov LE. Course of infiltrating pulmonary tuberculosis depending on the patient's genotype. Probl Tuberk. 1993(2):8-10.
14. Langlois MR, Delanghe JR. Biological and clinical significance of haptoglobin polymorphism in humans. Clin Chem. 1996;42(10):1589-600. [
DOI:10.1093/clinchem/42.10.1589]
15. Delanghe JR, Langlois MR, Boelaert JR, Van Acker J, Van Wanzeele F, van der Groen G, et al. Haptoglobin polymorphism, iron metabolism and mortality in HIV infection. Aids. 1998;12(9):1027-32. [
DOI:10.1097/00002030-199809000-00010] [
PMID]
16. Shorudi Dadi I, Saravani R, Khalili T, Sargazi S, Majidpour M, Sarhadi M, et al. Coding Variants of the FMO3 Gene Are Associated with the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case-Control Study. Rep Biochem Mol Biol. 2022;11(3):430-9. [
DOI:10.52547/rbmb.11.3.430] [
PMID] [
]
17. Green MR, Sambrook J. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 4th Edition. 2012 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
18. Koch W, Latz W, Eichinger M, Roguin A, Levy AP, Schomig A, Kastrati A. Genotyping of the common haptoglobin Hp 1/2 polymorphism based on PCR. Clin Chem. 2002;48(9):1377-82. [
DOI:10.1093/clinchem/48.9.1377] [
PMID]
19. McConnell MJ, Kondo R, Kawaguchi N, Iwakiri Y. Covid-19 and Liver Injury: Role of Inflammatory Endotheliopathy, Platelet Dysfunction, and Thrombosis. Hepatol Commun. 2022;6(2):255-69. [
DOI:10.1002/hep4.1843] [
PMID] [
]
20. Yang J, Chen X, Deng X, Chen Z, Gong H, Yan H, et al. Disease burden and clinical severity of the first pandemic wave of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):5411. [
DOI:10.1038/s41467-020-19238-2] [
PMID] [
]
21. Hasan Anber ZN, Oied Saleh B, Hassan Majed R. Assessment of Oxidative Stress Parameters in Iraqi Male Patients with Covid-19; A Case Control Study. Rep Biochem Mol Biol. 2024;13(2):167-173. [
DOI:10.61186/rbmb.13.2.167] [
PMID] [
]
22. Ko DH, Chang HE, Kim TS, Song EY, Park KU, Song J, Han KS. A review of haptoglobin typing methods for disease association study and preventing anaphylactic transfusion reaction. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:390630. [
DOI:10.1155/2013/390630] [
PMID] [
]
23. Vormittag R, Vukovich T, Mannhalter C, Minar E, Schönauer V, Bialonczyk C. Haptoglobin phenotype 2-2 as a potentially new risk factor for spontaneous venous thromboembolism. Haematologica. 2005;90(11):1557-61.
24. Khazaei HA, Nakhaei A, Dashti GA, Mohammadi M, Hejazenia F, Mehrangeez N, Khazaei A. Association of haptoglobin phenotypes with serum levels of IgE and IgA in allergic rhinitis patients. Iran J Immunol. 2012;9(4):254-60.
25. Olatunya OS, Albuquerque DM, Santos MNN, Kayode TS, Adekile A, Costa FF. Haptoglobin Gene Polymorphism in Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia: Findings from a Nigerian Cohort Study. Appl Clin Genet. 2020;13:107-14. [
DOI:10.2147/TACG.S246607] [
PMID] [
]
26. Wobeto VPdA, Zaccariotto TR, Sonati MdF. Polymorphism of human haptoglobin and its clinical importance. Genet Mol Biol. 2008;31(3):602-20. [
DOI:10.1590/S1415-47572008000400002]
27. Fischer J, Jung N, Robinson N, Lehmann C. Sex differences in immune responses to infectious diseases. Infection. 2015;43(4):399-403. [
DOI:10.1007/s15010-015-0791-9] [
PMID]
28. Živković I, Bufan B, Petrušić V, Minić R, Arsenović-Ranin N, Petrović R, Leposavić G. Sexual diergism in antibody response to whole virus trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in outbred mice. Vaccine. 2015;33(42):5546-52. [
DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.006] [
PMID]
29. Ćuruvija I, Stanojević S, Arsenović-Ranin N, Blagojević V, Dimitrijević M, Vidić-Danković B, Vujić V. Sex Differences in Macrophage Functions in Middle-Aged Rats: Relevance of Estradiol Level and Macrophage Estrogen Receptor Expression. Inflammation. 2017;40(3):1087-1101. [
DOI:10.1007/s10753-017-0551-3] [
PMID]
30. Speeckaert R, Speeckaert MM, Padalko E, Claeys LR, Delanghe JR. The haptoglobin phenotype is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus antibody titer. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2009;47(7):826-8. [
DOI:10.1515/CCLM.2009.193] [
PMID]
31. Fröhlander N, Johnson O. Haptoglobin groups in acute myocardial infarction. Hum Hered. 1989;39(6):345-50. [
DOI:10.1159/000153886] [
PMID]
32. Levy AP, Larson MG, Corey D, Lotan R, Vita JA, Benjamin EJ. Haptoglobin phenotype and prevalent coronary heart disease in the Framingham offspring cohort. Atherosclerosis. 2004;172(2):361-5. [
DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.10.014] [
PMID]
33. Singh HS, Saksena D, Meitei SY, Murry B, Mondal PR, Sachdeva MP, et al. Haptoglobin polymorphism among fourteen populations of India. Anthropol Anz. 2012;69(1):97-106. [
DOI:10.1127/0003-5548/2011/0113] [
PMID]
34. Turowska B, Gurda M, Woźniak K. ABO, MN, Kell, Hp and Gm1 markers in elderly humans. Mater Med Pol. 1991;23(1):7-12.
35. Dhingra N, Jha P, Sharma VP, Cohen AA, Jotkar RM, Rodriguez PS, et al. Adult and child malaria mortality in India: a nationally representative mortality survey. Lancet. 2010;376(9754):1768-74. [
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60831-8] [
PMID]
36. Zhou B, She J, Wang Y, Ma X. Utility of ferritin, procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein in severe patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. 2020.Research Square. [
DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-18079/v1]
37. Delanghe JR, Langlois MR, De Buyzere ML. Haptoglobin polymorphism: a key factor in the proatherogenic role of B cells? Atherosclerosis. 2011;217(1):80-2. [
DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.03.031] [
PMID]
38. Kasvosve I, Gomo ZA, Mvundura E, Moyo VM, Saungweme T, Khumalo H, et al. Haptoglobin polymorphism and mortality in patients with tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2000;4(8):771-5.
39. Levy AP, Hochberg I, Jablonski K, Resnick HE, Lee ET, Best L, Howard BV. Haptoglobin phenotype is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes: The Strong Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(11):1984-90. [
DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02534-2] [
PMID]