Reports of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology
Mon, Jan 20, 2025
[Archive]
Volume 13, Issue 2 (Vol.13 No.2 Jul 2024)
rbmb.net 2024, 13(2): 218-230 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Zeinalian Boroujeni Z, Khorsandi L, Zeidooni L, Badiee M S, Khodayar M J. Protocatechuic Acid Protects Mice Against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Improving Lipid Profile. rbmb.net 2024; 13 (2) :218-230
URL: http://rbmb.net/article-1-1379-en.html
URL: http://rbmb.net/article-1-1379-en.html
Zeinab Zeinalian Boroujeni 
, Layasadat Khorsandi , Leila Zeidooni , Mahdieh Sadat Badiee , Mohammad Javad Khodayar *
, Layasadat Khorsandi , Leila Zeidooni , Mahdieh Sadat Badiee , Mohammad Javad Khodayar *
Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran & Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
Abstract: (161 Views)
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a general term encompassing many conditions from simple fatty liver to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this research, we aimed to investigate the effect of the antioxidant protocatechuic acid (PCA) in preventing the development of fatty liver induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in male mice.
Methods: Mice (NMRI) were randomly divided into five groups. The groups were as follows: the control received the standard diet, HFD received 20 ml/kg of HFD, HFD containing PCA received HFD containing 200 mg/kg/20 ml of PCA, HFD containing fenofibrate (FENO) received HFD containing 150 mg/kg/20 ml of FENO, and PCA received 200 mg/kg/20 ml of PCA alone for six weeks. Mice were anesthetized after overnight fasting on the 43rd day, and the blood sample was collected from their hearts. The levels of serum, antioxidants and pro-inflammatory factors were measured, and histological studies were performed.
Results: The results showed that HFD containing PCA decreased liver enzymes, cholesterol (Chol), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and total thiol levels in the liver compared to the HFD group alone (P<0.001). The histopathological examinations of the liver tissue confirmed the biochemical results. High-fat diet (HFD) containing PCA showed no significant effect on the levels of triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The histopathological examinations of the liver tissue confirmed the biochemical results.
Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated that PCA is reasonably effective in preventing NAFLD in mice.
Methods: Mice (NMRI) were randomly divided into five groups. The groups were as follows: the control received the standard diet, HFD received 20 ml/kg of HFD, HFD containing PCA received HFD containing 200 mg/kg/20 ml of PCA, HFD containing fenofibrate (FENO) received HFD containing 150 mg/kg/20 ml of FENO, and PCA received 200 mg/kg/20 ml of PCA alone for six weeks. Mice were anesthetized after overnight fasting on the 43rd day, and the blood sample was collected from their hearts. The levels of serum, antioxidants and pro-inflammatory factors were measured, and histological studies were performed.
Results: The results showed that HFD containing PCA decreased liver enzymes, cholesterol (Chol), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and total thiol levels in the liver compared to the HFD group alone (P<0.001). The histopathological examinations of the liver tissue confirmed the biochemical results. High-fat diet (HFD) containing PCA showed no significant effect on the levels of triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The histopathological examinations of the liver tissue confirmed the biochemical results.
Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated that PCA is reasonably effective in preventing NAFLD in mice.
Type of Article: Original Article |
Subject:
Biochemistry
Received: 2024/04/27 | Accepted: 2024/06/10 | Published: 2025/01/4
Received: 2024/04/27 | Accepted: 2024/06/10 | Published: 2025/01/4
References
1. Paschos P, Paletas K. Non alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Hippokratia. 2009;13(1):9-19.
2. Williams CD, Stengel J, Asike MI, Torres DM, Shaw J, Contreras M, Landt CL, Harrison SA. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among a largely middle-aged population utilizing ultrasound and liver biopsy: a prospective study. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(1):124-31. [DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.09.038] [PMID]
3. Puri P, Sanyal AJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Definitions, risk factors, and workup. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2012;1(4):99-103. [DOI:10.1002/cld.81] [PMID] []
4. Papadopoulos C, Mimidis K, Papazoglou D, Kolios G, Tentes I, Anagnostopoulos K. Red Blood Cell-Conditioned Media from Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients Contain Increased MCP1 and Induce TNF-α Release. Rep Biochem Mol Biol. 2022;11(1):54-62. [DOI:10.52547/rbmb.11.1.54] [PMID] []
5. Alshawsh MA, Alsalahi A, Alshehade SA, Saghir SAM, Ahmeda AF, Al Zarzour RH, Mahmoud AM. A Comparison of the Gene Expression Profiles of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease between Animal Models of a High-Fat Diet and Methionine-Choline-Deficient Diet. Molecules. 2022;27(3):858. [DOI:10.3390/molecules27030858] [PMID] []
6. Abdelgwad M, Zakaria R, Marzouk S, Sabry D, Ahmed R, Badary HA, Samir M. The Emerging Role of Circular RNA Homeodomain Interacting Protein Kinase 3 and Circular RNA 0046367 through Wnt/Beta-Catenin Pathway on the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Egyptian Patients. Rep Biochem Mol Biol. 2023;11(4):614-625. [DOI:10.52547/rbmb.11.4.614] [PMID] []
7. de Castro GS, Calder PC. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(1):37-55. [DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.01.006] [PMID]
8. Trush MA, Kensler TW. An overview of the relationship between oxidative stress and chemical carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med. 1991;10(3-4):201-9. [DOI:10.1016/0891-5849(91)90077-G] [PMID]
9. Nazarinia D, Sharifi M, Dolatshahi M, Nasseri Maleki S, Madani Neishaboori A, Aboutaleb N. FoxO1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway: Molecular targets of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells-derived conditioned medium (hAMSC-CM) in protection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Chem Neuroanat. 2021;112:101918. [DOI:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101918] [PMID]
10. D'Oria R, Schipani R, Leonardini A, Natalicchio A, Perrini S, Cignarelli A, et al. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Disease: From Physiological Response to Injury Factor. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020 ;2020:5732956. [DOI:10.1155/2020/5732956] [PMID] []
11. Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ, Paganga G. Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radic Biol Med. 1996;20(7):933-56. [DOI:10.1016/0891-5849(95)02227-9] [PMID]
12. Huang C, Ma T, Meng X, Lv X, Zhang L, Wang J, Li J. Potential protective effects of a traditional Chinese herb, Litsea coreana Levl., on liver fibrosis in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010;62(2):223-30. [DOI:10.1211/jpp.62.02.0010] [PMID]
13. Ryu JY, Kang HR, Cho SK. Changes Over the Fermentation Period in Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Blueberries Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum. J Food Sci. 2019;84(8):2347-2356. [DOI:10.1111/1750-3841.14731] [PMID]
14. Lee SH, Choi BY, Kho AR, Jeong JH, Hong DK, Lee SH, et al. Protective Effects of Protocatechuic Acid on Seizure-Induced Neuronal Death. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(1):187. [DOI:10.3390/ijms19010187] [PMID] []
15. Kakkar S, Bais S. A review on protocatechuic Acid and its pharmacological potential. ISRN Pharmacol. 2014;2014:952943. [DOI:10.1155/2014/952943] [PMID] []
16. Takeda Y, Okuyama Y, Nakano H, Yaoita Y, Machida K, Ogawa H, Imai K. Antiviral Activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Tea Extract Against Human Influenza A Virus Rely Largely on Acidic pH but Partially on a Low-pH-Independent Mechanism. Food Environ Virol. 2020;12(1):9-19. [DOI:10.1007/s12560-019-09408-x] [PMID] []
17. Habib SA, Suddek GM, Abdel Rahim M, Abdelrahman RS. The protective effect of protocatechuic acid on hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin in mice. Life Sci. 2021;277:119485. [DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119485] [PMID]
18. Gao Y, Tian R, Liu H, Xue H, Zhang R, Han S, et al. Research progress on intervention effect and mechanism of protocatechuic acid on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(32):9053-9075. [DOI:10.1080/10408398.2021.1939265] [PMID]
19. Ji L, Deng H, Xue H, Wang J, Hong K, Gao Y, et al. Research progress regarding the effect and mechanism of dietary phenolic acids for improving nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via gut microbiota. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2023;22(2):1128-1147. [DOI:10.1111/1541-4337.13106] [PMID]
20. Xiang Y, Huang R, Wang Y, Han S, Qin X, Li Z, et al. Protocatechuic Acid Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2023;67(3):e2200244. [DOI:10.1002/mnfr.202200244] [PMID]
21. Chang CJ, Tzeng TF, Liou SS, Chang YS, Liu IM. Kaempferol regulates the lipid-profile in high-fat diet-fed rats through an increase in hepatic PPARα levels. Planta Med. 2011;77(17):1876-82. [DOI:10.1055/s-0031-1279992] [PMID]
22. Lin CY, Huang CS, Huang CY, Yin MC. Anticoagulatory, antiinflammatory, and antioxidative effects of protocatechuic acid in diabetic mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(15):6661-7. [DOI:10.1021/jf9015202] [PMID]
23. Tsai SJ, Yin MC. Anti-glycative and anti-inflammatory effects of protocatechuic acid in brain of mice treated by D-galactose. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(9):3198-205. [DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.056] [PMID]
24. van der Veen JN, Lingrell S, Gao X, Takawale A, Kassiri Z, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. Fenofibrate, but not ezetimibe, prevents fatty liver disease in mice lacking phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. J Lipid Res. 2017;58(4):656-667. [DOI:10.1194/jlr.M070631] [PMID] []
25. Zou Y, Li J, Lu C, Wang J, Ge J, Huang Y, et al. High-fat emulsion-induced rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Life Sci. 2006;79(11):1100-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2006.03.021] [PMID]
26. Luna, LG, Manual of histologic staining methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, in Manual of histologic staining methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. 1968; Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill, New York.
27. Brunt EM, Janney CG, Di Bisceglie AM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Bacon BR. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(9):2467-74. [DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01377.x] [PMID]
28. Satoh K. Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method. Clin Chim Acta. 1978;90(1):37-43. [DOI:10.1016/0009-8981(78)90081-5] [PMID]
29. Shangari N, O'Brien PJ. Catalase activity assays. Curr Protoc Toxicol. 2006;Chapter 7:Unit 7.7.1-15. [DOI:10.1002/0471140856.tx0707s27] [PMID]
30. van der Kamp MW, Mulholland AJ. Combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods in computational enzymology. Biochemistry. 2013;52(16):2708-28. [DOI:10.1021/bi400215w] [PMID]
31. Kim J, Lee H, Lim J, Lee H, Yoon S, Shin SS, Yoon M. The lemon balm extract ALS-L1023 inhibits obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in female ovariectomized mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;106(Pt A):292-305. [DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.059] [PMID]
32. Harris RB. Factors influencing energy intake of rats fed either a high-fat or a fat mimetic diet. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1994;18(9):632-40.
33. Liu WH, Lin CC, Wang ZH, Mong MC, Yin MC. Effects of protocatechuic acid on trans fat induced hepatic steatosis in mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(18):10247-52. [DOI:10.1021/jf102379n] [PMID]
34. Liu CL, Wang JM, Chu CY, Cheng MT, Tseng TH. In vivo protective effect of protocatechuic acid on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced rat hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002;40(5):635-41. [DOI:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00002-9] [PMID]
35. Nakamura Y, Torikai K, Ohigashi H. Toxic dose of a simple phenolic antioxidant, protocatechuic acid, attenuates the glutathione level in ICR mouse liver and kidney. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49(11):5674-8. [DOI:10.1021/jf0106594] [PMID]
36. Nakamura Y, Torikai K, Ohto Y, Murakami A, Tanaka T, Ohigashi H. A simple phenolic antioxidant protocatechuic acid enhances tumor promotion and oxidative stress in female ICR mouse skin: dose-and timing-dependent enhancement and involvement of bioactivation by tyrosinase. Carcinogenesis. 2000;21(10):1899-907. [DOI:10.1093/carcin/21.10.1899] [PMID]
37. Sun R, Kang X, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Wang R, Fu R, et al. Sirtuin 3-mediated deacetylation of acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3 by protocatechuic acid attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2020;177(18):4166-4180. [DOI:10.1111/bph.15159] [PMID] []
38. Wu H, Wang J, Zhao Q, Ding Y, Zhang B, Kong L. Protocatechuic acid inhibits proliferation, migration and inflammatory response in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2020;48(1):969-976. [DOI:10.1080/21691401.2020.1776307] [PMID]
39. Xiang Y, Huang R, Wang Y, Han S, Qin X, Li Z, et al. Protocatechuic Acid Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2023;67(3):e2200244. [DOI:10.1002/mnfr.202200244] [PMID]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
